The Crime Of Gun Control - 1632 Words

Is there a more heinous act than to kill a child? After an event like a school shooting, our anger drives us to seek different ways to prevent a similar event from ever happening again. In an attempt to do so, we focus on guns as the cause of the problem and try to put more regulations in place. Who would not want regulations on gun ownership and establish places where guns are prohibited, like schools, if it would prevent or help reduce these crimes from happening? However, statistics have shown that gun regulations are ineffective in reducing gun related crimes and may actually increase the occurrence of them, ultimately leading to an increasing death toll. The gun is not committing the crime; it is the person pulling the trigger.†¦show more content†¦After doing more research on this topic, I have to agree with the latter. People have been lobbying for more gun control laws recently following â€Å"mass shooting† events, to prevent these gun related crimes, bu t their effort is misdirected. A gun is a tool in the hands of a killer. It is a means to construct violence, but it is not the cause of violence. â€Å"There are no dangerous weapons. There are only dangerous men.† -Robert A. Heinlein (Guns). Putting more legislation in place to regulate guns will be a futile attempt at reducing gun related crime, because the gun is not the cause of these acts. Three gun laws currently in place have illustrated this fact. The Gun Control Act of 1968 makes it illegal for â€Å"felons, fugitives, illegal drug users, adjudicated mental defectives, illegal aliens, those dishonorably discharged from the armed forces and those who have renounced U.S. citizenship† from being able to possess any firearm (Crooker 90). This law says that felons cannot possess a firearm and yet a majority of those responsible for these crimes are repeat offenders (Gun facts). It also indicates that people with mental illnesses cannot have a gun, but there h ave been several shootings that involved the mentally ill. Any school shooting or other â€Å"mass shooting† event would show this fact. No sane individual would go and kill large amounts of people. It is against the law for these kinds of people to own guns, but

The American Disabilities Act ( Ada ) - 2583 Words

The American Disabilities Act (ADA) defines disabled workers as individuals who have â€Å"physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, have a record of such an impairment, or are regarded as having such an impairment†. Such impairments substantially limit major life activities such as seeing, hearing, speaking, walking, breathing, performing manual tasks, learning, caring for oneself, and working (ada.gov). In contrast, the definition of disability used by income support programs such as Social Security Disability Insurance and SSI is much narrower and is restricted to individuals who, because of a physical or mental impairment expected to last at least one year or to result in death, are unable†¦show more content†¦Of these people, five million needed the assistance of others to perform such an activity. Over fifteen million adults have difficulties with one or more instrumental activities of daily living, including doin g housework, using the phone and preparing meals. Of these, nearly twelve million required assistance. About eight million people have difficulty seeing, including 2.0 million who are blind or unable to see. Almost eight million people experienced difficulty hearing, including one million whose difficulty was severe. Roughly thirty million had difficulty walking or climbing stairs, or used a wheelchair, cane, crutches or walker, and about twenty million people had difficulty lifting and grasping. Seven million adults also reported being frequently depressed or anxious such that it interfered with ordinary activities (census.gov). While some people live with significant disabilities and severe health conditions that render them unable to work, millions of individuals can and do work despite their disabilities. The Department of Labor reported in June 2014 that only about nineteen percent of disabled Americans were employed, compared to almost seventy percent of non-disabled workers. Though disabled Americans comprise twenty percent of the overall population, they are twice as likely to be unemployed as their nondisabled counterparts. For those who are employed, research provides evidence

Case Study of Elvis Presley Essay Example For Students

Case Study of Elvis Presley Essay The Case Study of Elvis Presley Kelly Cobban University of Phoenix The Case Study of Elvis Presley Elvis Aaron Presley was a wildly known performer from the 19th century. With this fame comes the public display of every aspect of his personal life, the good as well as the bad. Anyone who has knowledge of Mr. Presley also knows that he died of a drug overdose while sitting on the toilet of his bathroom in Graceland but what many do not know is the discrepancy behind the details of exactly why. Substance abuse covers a wide range of substances. Any brain-affecting substance is classified as a drug and this includes caffeine and nicotine on top of alcohol (Hansell Damour, 2008). Due to this the DSM IV-TR classifies substance abuse as substance related disorders. Mr. Presley died of such a disorder. Elvis Presley Elvis Presley is viewed by many to be the â€Å"King of Rock and Roll† and his charisma and music left an impression on music forever (Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009). Through the fame he acquired he also brought his personal life into the spotlight as well. He was very attached with his mother who died from hepatitis and had a drinking problem herself and bouts of depression with fits of anger separating them (Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009). His relationship with his father was strained because of the jail term he served when he was just a child (Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009). Many count the separation and finally divorce from his wife, Priscilla Beaulieu, as his downfall because he simply gave upon life and his behavior took a turn for the worse. He began more dangerous behavior of sleeping around, his sleep schedule was reversed so that he would sleep during the day and party all night, and he began to use drugs heavily (Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009). Many knew of his substance abuse problem due to the fact that he would show up to concerts drunk and break out into laughing fits or cancel shows altogether due to drug use (Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009). His behavior fluctuated from highly irrational to depressed (Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009). He also displayed abnormal behavior through spending money without regard to anything or anyone and then donating the purchases right after (Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009). During the last three years of his life he was prescribed over 19,000 doses of various prescription medications, such as codeine, morphine, Valium, Quaaludes, and Demerol and his reason for these drugs was tooth problems (Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009). The discrepancy as to the cause of death comes from various physicians. The coroner that performed the autopsy ruled the cause of death as cardiac arrhythmia and stated the amounts of drug within his body were too low to state drug overdose as the cause (Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009). However the toxicology report states that he died from polypharmacy or the use of too medications by a single patient and many use this to dispute the initial cause of death (Meyer, Chapman, Weaver, 2009). Whatever the reason as to the cause of death drugs played a vital role in the event. DSM IV-TR The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV-TR) is the manual used by those in the field to diagnose mental disorders among the population. The last major revision was done back in 1994 and since the next copy, DSM-V, is not set to appear until 2012 a text revision was done in 2000 to give us the current reference of DSM IV-TR (APA, 2010). It is within this reference that the definitions are given to diagnose an individual with substance abuse. .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 , .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 .postImageUrl , .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 , .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05:hover , .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05:visited , .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05:active { border:0!important; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05:active , .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05 .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ae203a1db3ffc4b8c7a54f3830cbf05:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The theme of Guy de Maupassant story The Necklace EssayDue to the fact that there is no black and white definition of such disorders this manual gives the foundation for what needs to be present to give an accurate diagnosis. Substance Abuse Drug abuse or what are otherwise known as substance related disorders in the DSM IV-TR, is a major problem among the population of the United States of America (Hansell Damour, 2008). To classify major, at least one quarter of the population will, at some point in their lifetime, meet the criteria for substance abuse disorders which makes substance misuse the most common of all mental disorders within the DSM IV-TR (Hansell Damour, 2 008). Everyone within this country will be personally affected by a substance related disorder in their lifetime and with such a staggering topic that places economic and social price in the billions, individuals need to look into ways of providing help to those in need (Hansell Damour, 2008). The DSM IV-TR has two classifications for diagnoses of substance use. The first, and less severe, is substance abuse and is roughly similar to addiction (Hansell Damour, 2008). The second is substance dependence and in order to distinguish between the two one must become aware of the three C’s (Hansell Damour, 2008). These criteria describe three features of a pathological drug relationship: a pattern of ongoing use of a substance despite experiencing negative consequences, a pattern of compulsive use (that is, significant time and resources are devoted to the substance), and a loss of control over use of the substance, such as using the substance in greater amounts or with greater frequency than intended (Hansell Damour, 2008, p. 314). Substance abuse consists of the first C whereas substance dependence contains all three (Hansell Damour, 2008). Through these criteria one can see why substance related disorders affect so many within this country and have a profound impact on so many others. Conclusion Elvis Presley died at a young age by today’s standards and he also has a mental disorder classified by the DSM IV-TR as a substance abuse disorder. The DSM IV-TR is the reference manual that is currently in place to assist those in the psychology field to place diagnoses on individuals. According to this text, substance related disorders are classified as the most common of all mental disorders out there. In order to determine which level of substance use the individual has one must beware of the three C’s. Mr. Presley had the second and most severe of the two levels: substance dependence. Due to this dependency it cost him his life. References American Psychological Assiciation, 2010. DSM IV-TR the current manual. Retrieved May 16, 2010 from http://www. psych. org/mainmenu/research/dsmiv/dsmivtr. aspx Hansell, J. Damour, L. (2008). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Meyer, R. , Chapman, L. K. , Weaver, C. M. (2009). Case studies in abnormal behavior. (8th ed). Boston: Pearson/Allyn Bacon

Crime and the Media free essay sample

To what extent is the medias portrayal of crime balanced and accurate? The essay will consider how accurately the media portrays crime, this will entail what types of crime stories they report on, whether or not those stories are biased, the impact they have on the publics perception of crime and the actual reality of crime in Australia. When we talk about the media we are not Just referring to one specific example of media, but many different types. The most common forms of media people talk about today are the newspapers; a form of print media, television and the nternet; a visual form of electronic media, and the radio; a verbal form of electronic media. There are other, minor forms of media including magazines, local newsletters and blogs but there isnt much attention given to them. In every media outlet there are Journalists and reporters who gather the information to be presented and then present it in the various different ways. Then behind them you have the powerful moguls (David Baker, 2010; CRJIOOI unit book p. 59) who control the media, although to get information on world issues, Australia generally relies on other sources like the American and I-JK media outlets. Depending on the media outlet, different crime related stories will be reported on. For example, a television or newspaper article will generally only choose a story that they have visual images for, whereas the radio stations do not use visuals and so can report on more stories. Generally though, all forms of media report on the same types of crime stories, the ones which have a certain amount of controversy, excitement or are Just horrifying so as to get the public interested or intrigued enough to listen, buy or watch it. This generates the majority of the medias revenue nd, in my opinion, most parts of the media are Just in it for the money. The majority of stories reported in the media, about crime, have something to do with violence or aggressiveness. Eg. Murder, assault and rape. However, corporate, white collar and political crime is largely neglected or put into a tiny insignificant part of a report because it does not sell as well. From that you could draw the conclusion that television and newspapers are somewhat biased in their approach to reporting crime and the types of crime they report. That being said, there are some restraints put upon some parts of the media which estrict what they can and cannot report on. Over the years criminologists have been able to determine that reporters and Journalists work to three kinds of restraints; Technical, Practical and Ideological. Chan 1987; Grabosky Wilson 1989; Ward 1995; Israel 1998; Brown 2003; Jawkes 2004; Crime and Justice: A Guide to Criminology, 3. 10) when a Journalist or reporter is putting together a story they have to meet the needs of the media outlet they are working for. For example, a television news program will want a visual image to go with what they are saying, but this annot always be done so they may choose not to report that particular story in detail and might add it as a small one minute story, if it is important enough, otherwise they will probably Just leave it out all together. A story also nas to be relatively easy to understand, generally in terms of goodies and baddies. (David Baker, 2010; CRJIOOI unit book p. 60) Television shows are less likely to report on a complex story that may be difficult to understand for the majority of the public because people would lose interest in it and turn to another channel. Due to the recent Global Financial Crisis ost media outlets have had to reduce the number of reporters and investigative journalists they can hire to do all the dirty work of digging around for useful information. This means that they have to rely more on media releases put out by the police and other influential bodies such as parliament and the courts and that they are somewhat limited in what they can report on. It would take too many of their valuable resources to follow along with a long and intricate story of major fraud or corruption case than it would to follow along with a bashing in the streets of Melbourne. Increasingly over the years the media have been adding a certain amount of entertaining properties to their news broadcasts and stories coined by the term Infotainment. By making news entertaining they will get more followers which will generate more revenue and so this is Just a money making scheme which brings about some ethical questions about the exploitation of crime for entertainment and profit. (Gerry Bloustien Mark Israel 2006; Crime and Justice: A Guide to Criminology, 3. 30) Stories related to crime sell well, no matter what medium they ome through, whether it be books or a newspaper article because, in my opinion, there is something interesting, intriguing and exciting about people going against the law and we want to know what happens to them. Television has become all about the ratings so they make a big hype about the stories they will be covering in future broadcasts in the hope that they will get people wanting to watch them. Obviously, because there is not going to be a major crime related story to report on every day, shows like A Current Affair try and expose people and businesses by using hidden equipment in their clothing. One such story on the 6th of April this year is a prime example of this. The story was on a car suspension company called Pedders and they revealed that this company had been scamming thousands of dollars from people going in for their $14 dollar suspension check and telling them they needed to replace major car parts. It turns out however that this story was not in its entirety, true. Many people on public forums have said that they have used Pedders and nothing like this has happened. When the media do stories like this Just to make news because there is nothing worth reporting on and they want money it becomes iased and we may not get the whole story, Just the side they want us to see. Peoples perception of crime varies widely, some people believe that we are being inundated and overrun by crime in Australia, Melbourne in particular, whereas other believe that it really is not that bad and there are places in the world that are far worse off than us, El Salvador in South America for one. The amount of actual crime cannot be different no matter which point of view you have so why is there so much difference in our perceptions of crime? It has to do with the way in which the media eport on crime and the way they portray it in their stories. Without access to accurate crime statistics most people will Just take what the media says about the subject as the truth because they nave little or no knowledge on the topic and t media seems like it does. The media is always reporting on crime and the victims of crime so the people, who watch, listen or read the different mediums may get the idea that Australia is vastly becoming a country where there is crime around every corner and you cannot trust anybody you do not know. It is very unlikely that you will pen up a newspaper these days without ever seeing a story about somebody committing a crime. Because of the excessive media coverage of crime and the way in which they cover it -to make it seem far more dramatic and exciting- they are increasing the fear of crime the public have. This fear of crime which has stemmed from the media attention it receives has been studied and some interesting conclusions have been drawn from these studies. The amount of concern or fear people show is related to where they live; high or low crime region, who you are; young old, male female (Chilvers 1999) and that the ajority of people are more fearful of situations that may arise outside of the home than in the home (Hale 1996). All are valid conclusions but the last one is intriguing. Although you would think that this can be explained easily by saying peoples homes are places where they believe they are safe and secure from crime and its effects. This statement is in all intents and purposes valid, however there may be more to it than that. Due to privacy laws, the media does not have access to peoples homes and so can rarely report on crimes in the home. Everyone knows that crimes do occur ithin peoples homes but the media cannot report extensively on these crimes. Because of this we do not get the perception that crime in the home is a major problem when compared to crime in the streets. We tend to think that what happens to the poor victims of crime in the home is awful but it will never happen to us. When the media begins to report on these issues of fear it does not help to stop it, in fact it usually has the reverse effect and the fear of crime begins to snowball and become worse until eventually you get what is called a Moral Panic. Moral panics ave been described as a condition, episode, person or group of persons which emerge to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests (Cohen, 1972). One of the most recent moral panics would be the situation described by the media/ politicians as the War on terror. After the horrific events of September 11 2001 and the numerous other terrorist attacks in various parts of the world, the media has inflamed the fear the public have towards things like that happening to us. Security at major sporting events such as the Australian open has been increased so much hat it sometimes can take hours to get into an arena. This, I believe, was the result of all the media attention given to terrorist attacks. The reality of crime is a whole different ball game, and from the statistics it is clear that the media has given us the wrong perceptions of what is going on in Australia. Seeing as the majority of people are more scared of crime happening outside the home lets have a look at that statistic. According to the Victorian Police crime statistics for 2008/2009 70% of all rapes recorded were reported as having happened in the home, 13,195 assaults were eported from the home, 67% of all burglaries happened inside the home and on the whole, 32. 9% of all crimes reported, happened inside the residential area.

Sample Middle School Parent Essay

Sample Middle School Parent EssaySample middle school parent essays are a great way to write a child's first college essay. And they're a great way to show parents how you feel about your child's education. It may be tempting to stop after the sample, but you should continue to use it in future assignments. It's always useful to be able to compare how your opinions differ from other parents' opinions.The online college essay for middle school students can be used as a springboard for college essays, or it can serve as a template for college essays. If you write the sample and then forget about it, you risk the essay being a complete waste of time. In this case, there's no reason to not continue to use the sample.A sample for a middle school student can take many forms. It can be a short little essay with a single topic. Or it can be a long, detailed essay that covers many different topics. There are hundreds of sample middle school parent essays that you can use, and most of them are free.While many of these free samples will be pretty well written, some are likely to contain errors. Many grammar and spelling mistakes can be easily spotted and corrected. You'll want to spend a little time learning these techniques, so that when you're writing a sample essay, you can quickly spot mistakes and correct them.The samples also serve different purposes. Some samples are specifically meant to be used by parents of younger children. Other samples are more appropriate for middle school students, while still others are intended for the parents of college-bound high school students.Each sample is an expression of your own unique styles and beliefs. Because of this, you'll want to be careful to avoid plagiarism, and that you don't express an opinion that your student doesn't already hold.Of course, it's not necessary to repeat all the ideas you'll find in your child's essay. After all, this would be impossible. But it does help to show the parent how you're different from o ther parents, because it will help your student to build their own opinion about their education.This essay is just one part of their college education. But if they begin it by talking about how much they enjoyed the sample essay, they'll be inspired to write a more ambitious essay that will be sure to get them noticed by their college admissions officers.

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE A BRIEF CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT AND INTERVENTIONS Essay Example

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: A BRIEF CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT AND INTERVENTIONS Essay Domestic Violence: A BRIEF CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT AND INTERVENTIONS BUILT ON A DEFINITIONAL, HISTORICAL, AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATION We will write a custom essay sample on DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: A BRIEF CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT AND INTERVENTIONS specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: A BRIEF CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT AND INTERVENTIONS specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: A BRIEF CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT AND INTERVENTIONS specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer â€Å"And yet I fear you, for you re fatal so When your eyes roll so. Why I should fear I know non, Since guiltiness I know non, but yet I feel I fear.† Introduction The introductory citation by Desdemona expresses her fright of Othello’s fury ( Shakespeare, 1604, cited in Meyersfeld, 2003 ) at the same clip articulately conveying the panic implicit in domestic force and showing that domestic force is non a new phenomenon. Neither is domestic force a rare happening. Harmonizing to the British authorities, domestic force affects 1000000s of lives. The undermentioned statistics are quoted from the official authorities web site ( CrimeReduction.gov.uk,Domestic force mini-site, 2005 ) : one in four adult females and one in six work forces will be victims of domestic force in their life-time with adult females at greater hazard of repetition exploitation and serious hurt ; 89 per centum of those enduring four or more incidents are adult females ; one incident of domestic force is reported to the constabulary every minute ; on mean, two adult females a hebdomad are killed by a current or former male spouse ; and domestic force histories for 16 per centum of all violent offense. This essay will show that the issue of domestic force is a complex one, much more complex than the term itself might convey. Indeed, domestic force is complex in footings of its very definition, complex in footings of its theoretical accounts, complex in footings of gender relevancy, complex in footings of its effects, and complex in footings of intercessions to forestall and cover with its happening. The essay begins with a presentation and review of assorted definitions for domestic force, an geographic expedition of the historical development of domestic force as a social concern, and a treatment and review of theoretical accounts for domestic force including consideration of the relevancy of gender. This foundation will be used as a footing for researching the impact of domestic force upon its direct and indirect victims and the value and efficaciousness of the current resources, enterprises, and support webs used in battling domestic force and helping its victims. Finally, reaso ning comments will be presented. A Critique on Definitions of Domestic Violence Finding a generally-accepted definition fordomestic forceproved to be an elusive enterprise. This may be because there is no consensus definition of the term ( Laurence and Spalter-Roth, 1996 ;Contemporary Women s Issues Database, May 1996 ;Contemporary Women s Issues Database, July 1996 ) . Each author seems to specify the term to suit his or her subject or docket. For case, Chez ( 1994, cited in Gibson-Howell, 1996 ) , in concentrating on female victims of domestic force, defines the term as â€Å"the repeated subjugation of a adult female to forceful physical, societal, and psychological behaviour to hale her without respect to her rights.† Some definitions are basic and general: â€Å"a form of regularly happening maltreatment and force, or the menace of force, in an confidant ( though non needfully cohabitating ) relationship† ( Gibson-Howell, 1996, mentioning Loring and Smith, 1994 ) . Other definitions are comprehensive and specific ( Manor, 1996 ; Neufield, 1996 ;Asiatic Pages, 1998 ; Josiah, 1998 ;Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1999 ; Danis, 2003;Verkaik, 2003 ) . The more comprehensive definitions, although phrased otherwise, typically possess the undermentioned common elements: a form of opprobrious behaviour ( as contrasted to a individual event ) ; the opprobrious behaviour involves control, coercion, and/or power ; the opprobrious behaviour may be physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, and/or fiscal ; and the victim of the opprobrious behaviour is a cohabitating or non-cohabitating intimate spouse or partner. The British authorities has adopted one of the more expansive descriptions of domestic force, one that includes all of the foregoing elements: â€Å"Any incident of endangering behavior, force or maltreatment ( psychological, physical, sexual, fiscal or emotional ) between grownups who are or have been intimate spouses or household members, irrespective of gender or gender. Beyond the basic definition, the authorities furnishes farther description of domestic force as â€Å"a form of opprobrious and commanding behaviour† by which the maltreater efforts to derive power over the victim. The authorities contends that domestic force crosses age, gender, racial, gender, wealth, and geographical lines. ( CrimeReduction.gov.uk,Domestic force mini-site, 2005 ) Interestingly, the definition offered by the authorities expands the description to include other â€Å"family members† in add-on to â€Å"intimate partners.† Historical Development of the Recognition of Domestic Violence as a Social Concern The issue of domestic force, peculiarly force against female partners, was a subject of social concern dating from the first matrimony jurisprudence instituted by Romulus in 75 B.C. But the concern was non inforestallingdomestic force ; to the reverse ; the concern was in support of â€Å"wife beating†Ã¢â‚¬â€legally and institutionally—a status that existed through the early 20th century. ( Danis, 2003, mentioning Dobash and Dobash, 1979 ) . English common jurisprudence, until the late 19th century, â€Å"structured matrimony to give a hubby high quality over his married woman in most facets of the relationship.† This â€Å"sanctioned superiority† gave the hubby the right to â€Å"command his wife’s obeisance, and capable her to bodily penalty or ‘chastisement’ if she defied his authority.† ( Tuerkheimer, 2004, mentioning Siegel, 1996 ) The beginning of the 20th century witnessed the dismantlement of Torahs specifically excusing control and force ; nevertheless, the Torahs were non replaced by codifications that protected victims from maltreatment. Alternatively, â€Å"marital privacy† became the criterion. Basically, maltreatment was considered to be a household job, non one in which society had an involvement. ( Turekheimer, 2004 ) Not until the feminist motion of the late sixtiess and 1970s was public involvement in domestic force piqued ( Danis, 2003, mentioning Schechter, 1982 ) . With small public or private support, feminist militants set up shelters for female victims of domestic force. They besides pressed for Torahs to penalize wrongdoers and promoted preparation of societal workers and other professions to acknowledge domestic force and handle its victims. (Contemporary Women’s Issues Database, May 1996 ) . From these low beginnings, over the last thirty-plus old ages, public consciousness has been enhanced dramatically, increasing sums of public and private support have been allocated for shelters, domestic force Torahs have been strengthened, and societal workers and other professionals ( e.g. school forces, health care professionals, constabulary officers ) have been trained to acknowledge marks of, and supply intervention to those affected by, domestic force. Today, in the early old ages of the new millenary, the manner in which society positions domestic force is go oning to germinate. Physical maltreatment of married womans was the initial focal point of intercession enterprises. Pulling on research presented earlier, sexual, emotional, psychological, and fiscal maltreatment have been added to physical maltreatment as types of domestic force. And, many definitions of victims of domestic force now include, in add-on to married womans, hubbies and domestic spouses of the same or different sex. Increasingly, excessively, kids in the domestic agreement are being included as victims of domestic force. Theoretical Explanations for Domestic Violence and the Relevance of Gender Merely as there is a deficiency of consensus on a individual definition for domestic force, â€Å"there is no individual recognized causal theory for domestic violence.† In the absence of a individual theory, at least four theories are used to explicate why domestic force occurs: societal exchange/deterrence, societal acquisition, womens rightist, and the ecological model. ( Danis, 2003 ) These theories, with their relevancy to domestic force, will be presented and critiqued in this subdivision. A treatment of the relevancy of gender in domestic force will shut out the subdivision. Under thesocietal exchange theory, human interaction is driven by prosecuting wagess and avoiding penalties and costs. ( Danis, 2003, mentioning Blau, 1964 ) . Gelles and Cornell ( 1985, 1990, cited in Danis, 2003 ) contend that domestic force occurs when costs do non outweigh wagess. Costss in this context include the possible for defensive physical action by the victim, potency of being arrested and imprisoned, loss of personal position, and disintegration of the domestic agreement. Thesocietal acquisition theorysuggests that people learn to be violent by being instantly rewarded or punished after they commit violent behaviour, through what is calledsupport, and by watching the experiences of others, calledpatterning( Danis, 2003, mentioning Bandura, 1973 ) . Harmonizing to some experts, there is a correlativity between people who witness opprobrious behaviour in their earlier lives and those who commit domestic force subsequently. ( Danis, 2003, mentioning O’Leary, 1987 ) . Harmonizing towomens rightist theory, domestic force emanates from a â€Å"patriarchal† school system which assigns work forces the duty for commanding and pull offing female spouses ( Danis, 2003, mentioning Dobash and Dobash, 1979 ; Yllo, 1993 ) . Under this theory, domestic force is attributed to a defect in social construction instead than to any specific single male pathology. Finally, theecological model theory, in postulating that no individual theory can be used in explicating or foretelling domestic force, proposes hazard factors for domestic force and intercessions to turn to it at three levels—the micro degree ( e.g. batterer plans ) , the meso degree ( e.g. constabulary and the tribunals ) , and the macro degree ( e.g. a co-ordinated community attack ) . ( Danis, 2003, mentioning Crowell and Burgess, 1996 ; Chalk and King, 1998 ) . Each of these four theories offers valuable penetration into domestic force. For case, the societal exchange theory offers a footing for jurisprudence enforcement and prosecution of wrongdoers ; the societal acquisition theory helps to explicate why kids who witness abuse sometimes turn up to be maltreaters themselves thereby supplying principle for disciplinary intercessions to â€Å"unlearn† opprobrious behaviour ; and the womens rightist theory supports intercessions targeted at assisting batterers to reform and assisting to authorise victims. But none of these theories seems to supply a comprehensive foundation on which a comprehensive attack for covering with the many causal and outcome dimensions of domestic force can be built. The more incorporate ecological model theory, nevertheless, seems to supply the needful footing for such a comprehensive attack. Now attending will turn to the subject of the relevancy of gender in domestic force. Historically, as mentioned earlier, married womans were considered to be the lone victims of domestic force. Today, husbands every bit good as same- or different-sex non-married spouses are considered to be victims as good ( Cruz, 2003 ) . Although the statistics vary significantly ( Leo, 1994 ) , some indicating that the same figure of work forces as adult females are victims of domestic force ( Leo, 1994 ; Simerman, 2002 ) , most experts agree than adult females are most frequently the victims and, when they are victimized, the harm is normally more serious. The indicant that adult females are most frequently victims has now gained official acknowledgment. The British authorities contends that, although domestic force is non restricted to a specific gender, â€Å"it consists chiefly of force by work forces against women.† ( CrimeReduction.gov.uk,Domestic force mini-site, 2005 ) The Potential Impact of Domestic Violence on Females, Mothers, and Children Harmonizing to theContemporary Women’s Issues Database( January 1996 ) , â€Å"the most common victims ( of domestic force ) are adult females and children.† With the recognition that domestic force affects work forces every bit good as adult females, the focal point of the treatment in this subdivision will be on the possible impact of domestic force on females, by and large, and on females in their function as female parents every bit good as on their kids. Domestic force against adult females can ensue in serious physical hurts, psychological injury, and mental strain ( Wha-soon, 1994 ) . Harmonizing to Wha-soon, physical hurts include â€Å"severe concerns, contusions, bone breaks, loss of eyesight, nervous palsy, insomnia and dyspepsia, † and psychological injury can include â€Å"anxiety, a sense of impotence, and a loss of self-respect and self-confidence.† Psychological effects can take to suicide in some instances. Winkvist ( 2001 ) echoes these psychological effects and adds that battered adult females are besides more likely to see sexual and generative wellness upsets. Effectss are non restricted to those that are physical and psychological in nature, nevertheless. Womans can be financially impacted every bit good. Brown and Kenneym ( 1996 ) contend that adult females, in an attempt to fly their aggressors, may â€Å"give up fiscal security and their homes† in favour of safety. Mothers may see extra negative effects from domestic force. Starr ( 2001 ) contends that domestic force against female parents â€Å"is associated with harmful deductions for mental wellness and parenting, every bit good as for the offspring.† Harmonizing to Starr, female parents who are in an environment of domestic force suffer worse results for themselves and for their kids. Isaac ( 1997 ) suggests that maltreatment of female parents and kids are linked, saying that from 30 to about sixty per centum of female parents reported for kid maltreatment were themselves abused. Hewitt ( 2002 ) claims that 90 per centum of happenings of domestic force are witnessed either straight or indirectly by kids. Children can be affected in at least two ways by domestic force. Harmonizing to the British authorities, they can be traumatized by force they witness against others in the relationship even when they are non the specific marks of the force ( CrimeReduction.gov.uk,Domestic force mini-site, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Hewitt ( 2002 ) , kids suffer low self-pride, isolation, injury, and homelessness that they may non attest until subsequently in life. They may besides endure from maladies such as concern, unhappiness, focal point and concentration troubles, forgetfulness, concerns and stomach aches, lying, and â€Å"poor impulse control, † harmonizing to Salisbury and Wichmann ( 2004 ) . Importantly, there is besides a strong correlativity between domestic force and kid maltreatment, a point which reinforces Isaac’s place mentioned earlier ( CrimeReduction.gov.uk,Domestic force mini-site, 2005 ) . Edleson ( 1999, cited in Spath, 2003 ) takes the same place in saying that â€Å"numerous research surveies over the last several decennaries have reported a connexion between domestic force and kid ill-treatment within families.† And, eventually, as mentioned earlier, the societal acquisition theory would propose that kids who witness force learn that force is an acceptable manner to settle differences. Supporting this, Wha-soon ( 1994 ) writes that the â€Å"learning of force causes a rhythm of violence.† An Appraisal of the Value and Efficacy of Domestic Violence Interventions Methods for covering with domestic force by and large fall into three classs: bar, protection, and justness (M2 Presswire, 1998 ) . As the footings imply,barefforts to debar incidences of domestic force through methods such as instruction and guidance ;protectioninvolves efforts to forestall farther hurt through methods such as taking victims from the state of affairs and telling wrongdoers to remain off from their victims ; andjustnessinvolves requital against domestic force wrongdoers. The value and efficaciousness of bar, protection, and justness methods used in covering with domestic force are hard to mensurate. A ground for this was mentioned earlier: the deficiency of a consensus definition for domestic force itself. (Contemporary Women’s Issues Database,May 1996 ) . However, there has been some effort at mensurating public presentation anecdotally. Harmonizing to the Contemporary Women’s Issues Database ( April 1993 ) : â€Å"Currently, the two most common signifiers of societal intercession are mechanisms that help her to go forth ( such as exigency shelters ) and holding him arrested†¦ ( but ) neither of these intercessions is ideal.† And, constabularies and judicial intercessions do non look to fair much better as illustrated by the instance of Samuel Gutierrez who killed his domestic spouse, Kelly Gonzalez, in Chicago, Illinois in the United States after multiple whippings, apprehensions, and assorted tribunal intercessions ( Hann a, 1998 ) . That domestic force still exists as such a serious societal job is likely the best grounds that current methods for forestalling it, protecting its victims, and demanding justness on wrongdoers are non working particularly good. Possibly the hereafter will be brighter. Newer positions, such as that offered by the ecological model theory, offer some hope. It seems that taking a comprehensive, incorporate attack could potentially be well more effectual as the assorted public and private constituents work together in a co-op, interactive agreement with one goal—the public assistance of the possible or existent victim. One expert even suggests that this combined public-private attack could be enhanced farther by adding a 3rd component—the household ( atomic household, extended household, intimate household, near relationships ) —to the formal, incorporate support agreement ( Kelly, 2004 ) . Decision Public and private organisations continue to increase their attending to domestic force. In the United Kindgom,The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004furnishes greater authorization to patrol and the tribunals in covering with instances of domestic force and in supplying protection to victims. Aditionally, the British government’s late issued national domestic force action program sets away ambitious ends ( CrimeReduction.gov.uk,Domestic Violence, 2005 ) quoted as follows: cut down the prevalence of domestic force ; increase the rate that domestic force is reported ; increase the rate of domestic force offenses that are brought to justness ; guarantee victims of domestic force are adequately protected and supported countrywide ; and cut down the figure of domestic force related homicides. Returning to the introductory citation, had Shakespeare’s Desdemona been alive today, possibly she would hold some hope that she would non everlastingly be in such great fright of Othello’s fury. Mentions Asiatic Pages( 1998 ) What is domestic force? November 14, 1998. Bandura, A. ( 1973 ) .Aggression: A societal acquisition analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cited in Danis, Fran S. ( 2003 ) The criminalisation of domestic force: What societal workers need to cognize.Social Work, April 1, 2003. Blau, P. M. ( 1964 ) .Exchange and power in societal life. New York: John Wiley A ; Sons. Danis, Fran S. ( 2003 ) The criminalisation of domestic force: What societal workers need to cognize.Social Work, April 1, 2003. Brown, Karen R. and Kenneym, Catherine T. ( 1996 ) Report from the front lines: The impact of force on hapless adult females [ Part 1 of 5 ] .Contemporary Women s Issues Database, January 1, 1996. Chalk, R. , A ; King, A. ( 1998 ) . ( Eds. ) .Violence in households: Assessing bar and intervention plans. Washington, DC: National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. Cited in Danis, Fran S. ( 2003 ) The criminalisation of domestic force: What societal workers need to cognize.Social Work, April 1, 2003. Chez, N ( 1994 ) Helping the victim of domestic force.American Nursing1994 ; 94 ( 7 ) :32-37. Cited in Cited in Gibson-Howell, Joan C. ( 1996 ) Domestic force designation and referral.Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database( 1996 ) Domestic and sexual force informations aggregation [ Part 3 of 9 ] , July 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database( 1996 ) Measuring the costs of domestic force against adult females and the cost-effectiveness of intercessions [ Part 1 of 6 ] , May 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database( 1993 ) Men crushing adult females: Ending domestic violence—a qualitative and quantitative survey of public attitudes on force against adult females [ Part 3 of 7 ] , April 1, 1993. Contemporary Women s Issues Database( 1996 ) You or person you know may populate in a place where domestic force is a job, January 1, 1996. CrimeReduction.gov.uk ( 2005 ) ,Domestic forcehypertext transfer protocol: //www.crimereduction.gov.uk/domesticviolence51.htm, April 4, 2005 [ April 11, 2005 ] . CrimeReduction.gov.uk ( 2005 ) ,Domestic force mini-sitehypertext transfer protocol: //www.crimereduction.gov.uk/dv01.htm, April 4, 2005 [ April 9, 2005 ] . Crowell, N. A. , and Burgess, A. W. ( 1996 ) . ( Eds. ) .Understanding force against adult females.Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. ( 2003 ) The criminalisation of domestic force: What societal workers need to cognize.Social Work, April 1, 2003. Cruz, J. Michael ( 2003 ) Why does nt he merely go forth? Gay male domestic force and the grounds victims stay.The Journal of Men s Surveies, March 22, 2003. Danis, Fran S. ( 2003 ) The criminalisation of domestic force: What societal workers need to cognize.Social Work, April 1, 2003. Dobash, R. E. , and Dobash, R. ( 1979 ) .Violence against married womans: A instance against the patriarchate. New York: Free Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. ( 2003 ) The criminalisation of domestic force: What societal workers need to cognize.Social Work, April 1, 2003. Edleson, J. L. ( 1999 ) . The convergence between child ill-treatment and adult female banging.Violence Against Women, 5 ( 2 ) , 134-154. Cited in Spath, Robin ( 2003 ) Child protection professionals placing domestic force indexs: deductions for societal work instruction.Journal of Social Work Education, September 22, 2003. Gelles, R. J. , A ; Cornell, C. P. ( 1985 ) .Intimate force in households. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. ( 2003 ) The criminalisation of domestic force: What societal workers need to cognize.Social Work, April 1, 2003. Gelles, R. J. , A ; Cornell, C. P. ( 1990 ) .Intimate force in households( 2nd ed. ) . Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. ( 2003 ) The criminalisation of domestic force: What societal workers need to cognize.Social Work, April 1, 2003. Gibson-Howell, Joan C. ( 1996 ) Domestic force designation and referral.Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. Hanna, Cheryl ( 1998 ) The paradox of hope: the offense and penalty of domestic force.William and Mary Law Review, May 1, 1998. Hewitt, Kim ( 2002 ) , Silent victims of force in place.The News Letter( Belfast, Northern Ireland ) , September 14, 2002. Isaac, Nancy E. ( 1997 ) Response to battered female parents in the paediatric exigency section: a call for an interdisciplinary attack to household force.Pediatricss, February 1, 1997. Josiah, Ivy ( 1998 ) Education through wireless.Contemporary Women s Issues Database, January 2, 1998. Kelly, Kristin A. ( 2004 ) Working together to halt domestic force: state-community partnerships and the altering significance of public and private.Journal of Sociology A ; Social Welfare, March 1, 2004. Laurence, Louise and Spalter-Roth, Roberta ( 1996 ) Research-in-brief: Measuring the costs of domestic force against adult females [ Part 1 of 2 ]Contemporary Women s Issues Database, January 1, 1996. Leo, John ( 1994 ) Is it a war against adult females?U.S. News A ; World Report, July 11, 1994. Loring, M. T. and Smith, R. W. ( 1994 ) Health attention barriers and intercessions for beat-up adult females.Public HealthReports1994 ; 109 ( 3 ) :322-329. Cited in Gibson-Howell, Joan C. ( 1996 ) Domestic force designation and referral.Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. M2 Presswire( 1998 ) Home Office: Prevention, protection and justness: A comprehensive attack to undertake domestic force, June 16, 1998. Manor, John H. ( 1996 ) Helping maltreaters out of the domestic force equation.Michigan Chronicle, January 30, 1996. Meyersfeld, Bonita C. ( 2003 ) Reconceptualizing domestic force in international jurisprudence.Albany Law Review, December 22, 2003. Neufield, Brenda ( 1996 ) Safe inquiries: get the better ofing barriers to the sensing of domestic force.American Family Physician, June 1, 1996. OLeary, K. D. ( 1987 ) . Physical aggression between partners: A societal acquisition theory position. In V. B. Van Hasselt, R. L. Morrison, A. S. Bellack, A ; M. Hersen ( Eds. ) ,Handbook of household force( pp. 31-55 ) . New York: Plenum Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. ( 2003 ) The criminalisation of domestic force: What societal workers need to cognize.Social Work, April 1, 2003. Salisbury, Sarah and Wichmann, Lee Anne ( 2004 ) , Seen or unobserved, domestic force traumatizes kids.The Register-Guard, August 29, 2004. Schechter, S. ( 1982 )Womans and male force: The visions and battles of the beat-up adult females s motion. Boston: South End Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. ( 2003 ) The criminalisation of domestic force: What societal workers need to cognize.Social Work, April 1, 2003. Seattle Post-Intelligencer( 1999 ) Domestic force: Give us statistics we can work with. July 16, 1999. Shakespeare, William ( 1604 ) ,Othelloact 5. Sc. 2. Edited by Sanders, Norman. Cambridge University Press, 1984. Cited in Meyersfeld, Bonita C. ( 2003 ) Reconceptualizing domestic force in international jurisprudence.Albany Law Review, December 22, 2003. Siegel, Reva B. ( 1996 ) , The regulation of love : Wife crushing as prerogative and privateness, 105 YALE L.J. 2117. Tuerkheimer, Deborah ( 2004 ) , Acknowledging and rectifying the injury of banging: A call to criminalize domestic force.Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, June 22, 2004. Simerman, John ( 2002 ) Work force, excessively, fall victim to mistreat in large Numberss.Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, November 25, 2002. Spath, Robin ( 2003 ) Child protection professionals placing domestic force indexs: deductions for societal work instruction.Journal of Social Work Education, September 22, 2003. Starr, Raymond H. , Jr. ( 2001 ) Type and timing of female parents victimization: effects on female parent and kids.Pediatricss, April 1, 2001. Tuerkheimer, Deborah ( 2004 ) , Acknowledging and rectifying the injury of banging: A call to criminalize domestic force.Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, June 22, 2004. Verkaik, Robert ( 2003 ) One adult male in six `a victim of domestic force .The Mugwump, September 24, 2003. Wha-soon, Byun ( 1994 ) A survey on the bar of and countermeasures against domestic force [ Part 1 of 2 ] .Contemporary Women s Issues Database, January 1, 1994. Winkvist, Anna ( 2001 ) Researching domestic force against adult females: Methodological and ethical considerations.Surveies in Family Planning, March 1, 2001. Yllo, K. A. ( 1993 ) . Through a feminist lens: Gender, power, and force. In R. J. Gelles A ; D. R. Loseke ( Eds. ) ,Current contentions on household force( pp. 47-62 ) . Newbury Park, GA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. ( 2003 ) The criminalisation of domestic force: What societal workers need to cognize.Social Work, April 1, 2003.

USE OF Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) in Ghana for Malaria Control

USE OF Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) in Ghana for Malaria Control Free Online Research Papers USE OF Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane(DDT) in Ghana for Malaria Control The World Health Organisation (WHO) in September 2006 announced that nearly 30 years after phasing out the widespread use of indoor spraying with DDT and other insecticides to control malaria, this intervention will once again play a major role in its efforts to fight the disease. Although DDT has been banned from agricultural use in most countries it continues to be used in limited quantities for public health purposes. Countries continue to use DDT primarily because they cannot afford reliable alternatives or do not have the capacity to develop them. DDT which was widely used in Ghana for agricultural and public health purposes was officially banned in 1985 due to its damaging effects on human health and the environment. The Environmental Protection Agency is the regulatory body in Ghana with the mandate to register pesticides for use in the country. Recent pronouncements by the WHO recommending the re-introduction of DDT for disease vector control have necessitated the preparation of this paper, which provides an overview on the status of DDT in relation to some international conventions and the Pesticides Control and Management Act, 1996 (Act 528) to equip government with the relevant information on the chemical. 2.0 Status of DDT in relation to the Stockholm Convention The Stockholm Convention on POPs entered into force on 17th May 2004 with an objective to protect human health and the environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) which include DDT. Ghana ratified the Convention and is thus obliged to abide by its provisions. The Convention contains details of conditions under which DDT may be produced and used in any country (Annex B, Part II of the Stockholm Convention). These are as follows: 1. DDT may be produced and used only for disease vector control and according to the recommendations and guidelines of the World Health Organisation. DDT may be used when safe, effective and affordable alternatives are not locally available in a country. 2. The WHO recommends only indoor residual spaying of DDT for disease vector control. 3. A country that decides to produce and/or use DDT for disease vector control is required to notify the Convention Secretariat and the WHO. All countries that so notify the Secretariat will be entered in a public register. 4. Every three years, each country that uses DDT will be required to provide to the Convention Secretariat and the WHO information on the amount of DDT used, the conditions under which it is being used, and how such use relates to the country’s disease management strategy. The reporting will be carried out in a format to be determined by the Conference of Parties in consultation with the WHO. 5. Countries using DDT will be supported and encouraged to strengthen their vector control programmes. The intention is to reduce and ultimately eliminate the use of DDT over time, by making such use unnecessary. In this connection, each country will be assisted to develop a national action plan that will include: a. The development of regulatory and other mechanisms to ensure that DDT is used only for disease vector control b. The implementation of alternative products, methods, and strategies, including vector resistance management strategies to ensure that the DDT alternatives remain effective. In developing such DDT alternatives, adequate consideration will be given to ensuring that viable alternatives present less risk to human health and the environment, and also that the alternatives are suitable for disease control within the particular context of each country. 3.0 Status of DDT in relation to the Rotterdam Convention The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade came into force in February 2004. Ghana ratified the convention and DDT is listed among the chemicals subject to the PIC procedure. The implication is that Ghana needs to seek or consult its trade partners if DDT should be imported into the country. 4.0 Status of DDT in relation to the Pesticides Control and Management Act, 1996 (Act 528). The Pesticides Control and Management Act, 1996 (Act 528) stipulates that ‘No person shall import, export, manufacture, distribute, advertise sell or use any pesticide in Ghana unless the pesticide has been registered by the Environmental Protection Agency in accordance with this Act’. DDT has been banned and is currently prohibited for use in the country. Under Act 528, a pesticide is banned when its use in accordance with widespread commonly recognized practice even in the presence of additional regulatory restrictions will cause unreasonable adverse effect on people, animals, crops or on the environment. Section 2 of Act 528 however stipulates that the Agency may authorize the importation of an unregistered pesticide in the event of national emergency or if the Minister responsible for the Environment by legislative instrument so prescribes. 4.1 Available alternatives to DDT The EPA has approved four pesticide products for residual spraying purposes. These are Bistar 10 WP (Bifenthrin), Icon 10 CS (Lambda cyhalothrin), Delete 2.5 EC (Deltamethrin) and Vectoguard 40 WP (Pirimiphos methyl). These products have been tried and tested by the WHO and recommended for residual spraying against mosquitoes. 5.0 Possible problems associated with the use of DDT in Ghana Problems associated with the use of DDT in Ghana include the following: 5.1 Environmental problems DDT is a Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) and the effects of the pesticide on the environment will increase if appropriate measures are not taken to control its use/abuse if introduced. Cleaning of sites contaminated by DDT and disposal of obsolete stocks is expensive and difficult and should be avoided where possible. 5.2 Possible misuse on agriculture The use of DDT in agriculture was banned since 1985. DDT is however very cheap compared to other pesticides and also known to be very effective against a broad range of insect pests. These properties of the chemical will make it very attractive to farmers to misapply on their crops leading to high levels of environmental and human exposure when the pesticide is introduced. DDT, which was previously used extensively on cocoa in Ghana, is currently not permitted by the European Union, Japan and other countries on cocoa. If allowed in the country, misuse on cocoa (a major foreign exchange earner) could lead to rejection of cocoa exports by importing countries if residues of the pesticide is detected. 6.0 Recommendations Based on the above, the EPA recommends that the Government of Ghana should resist any external pressures to re-introduce DDT into the country since equally effective alternatives have been approved for use in the country. The use of these alternative pesticides should be intensified to control malaria in the country. 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